Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy and waxy whole-wheat flour blends

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy whole-wheat flour (WWF) with partial- or full-waxy (PW- or FW-) WWF substitution were studied. The substitution levels were 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg, respectively. FW-WWF reduced the peak viscosity and pasting temperature of WWF blends as its substitution level was increased due to its higher proportions of B-type starch granules and short amylopectin chains, while PW-WWF increased peak viscosity with the increasing substitution level because of its higher amylopectin content. As demonstrated by farinograph and rheometer measurements, FW-WWF interfered with gluten development because of the increased competition for water by arabinoxylans and amylopectin; however, PW-WWF enhanced dough strength due primarily to its increased protein content. Consequently, FW-WWF showed a detrimental effect on cooked noodle texture as the cooked noodle hardness was reduced by 50% at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. In contrast, PW-WWF enhanced noodle integrity and elasticity by increasing cooked noodle cohesiveness and resilience by 10.1% and 14.8%, respectively, at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. The results suggest that with waxy WWF substitution, the changes in starch composition, arabinoxylans, and protein content could modify the interactions among flour components and influence the quality characteristics of noodle products.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌JQD117菌株对韭蛆体内几种酶活性的影响

为明确苏云金芽胞杆菌JQD117对韭蛆幼虫蛋白酶和解毒酶活性的影响，测定比较了感染Bt后幼虫体内胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和羧酸酯酶的活性。首先采用室内生物活性测定方法明确了菌株JQD117对韭蛆3龄幼虫72 h的LC₅₀为2.8070×10⁷cfu/mL，然后采用10×LC₅₀、1×LC₅₀和0.1×LC₅₀三个浓度饲喂感染韭蛆幼虫，定期取样测定韭蛆体内5种酶活性，结果表明以较高浓度（1×LC₅₀和10×LC₅₀）感染韭蛆幼虫后体内蛋白酶和解毒酶活性变化较大，而以低浓度（0.1×LC₅₀）感染韭蛆幼虫后体内蛋白酶活性变化较小。其中，以1×LC₅₀和10×LC₅₀浓度感染韭蛆幼虫后，胰蛋白酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在24~36 h和6~60 h与对照相比均显著升高；类胰凝乳蛋白酶和羧酸酯酶活性在6~60 h与对照相比均受到显著抑制。以0.1×LC₅₀浓度感染韭蛆幼虫后，胰蛋白酶活性只在36 h时与对照相比显著升高；乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在12~48 h时与对照相比显著升高；羧酸酯酶活性只在6 h与对照相比受到显著抑制；类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性与对照相比均无显著变化。谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性在三种感染浓度下与对照相比均无显著变化。可见，感染JQD117对韭蛆体内蛋白酶和解毒酶活性均产生了不同程度的影响，且随感染浓度的升高而增强，扰乱了韭蛆正常的生理代谢和对外源毒素的分解，本文为Bt防治韭蛆应用和开发提供了理论指导。     

Beneficial effects of dietary exogenous protease on the growth,intestinal health and immunity of GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus) fed plant‐based diets

This study investigated the effects of dietary exogenous protease on the growth performance, intestinal health, immune parameters and disease resistance of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Five test diets with commercial protease at the levels of 0, 1.38, 2.76, 5.52 and 11.04 U/g (named PE0, PE1, PE2, PE5 and PE11, respectively) were administered to triplicate tanks with 30 fish for 60 days, and then, the fish were challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae for 14 days. The results indicated that weight gain increased as exogenous protease increased from 0 to 5.52 U protease/g diet and then decreased significantly (p < .05) with a further increase in exogenous protease supplementation (p < .05). The height of the villi in the proximal intestine and distal intestine, the width of the villi in three segments of the intestine, and the thickness of the muscle layer in the proximal intestine and mid‐intestine (p < .05) were increased in the fish fed the PE5 diet. Immune and antioxidant indices (except malondialdehyde), and survival after challenged with S. agalactiae were higher in fish fed PE5 diets than in those fed other diets (p < .05). In conclusion, 5.52 U/g protease supplementation in a plant‐based diet could promote the growth performance, intestinal physical barrier function, innate immunity and S. agalactiae resistance of GIFT.     

蝴蝶兰切花花被不同开放阶段酶活性的变化

以蝴蝶兰鲜切花为试材,对切花花被不同生理阶段3种酶活性的变化进行测量分析,以期为蝴蝶兰切花寿命的延长提供参考依据。结果表明:萼片和花瓣中的过氧化物酶(POD)从花苞期到半开期酶活性变化不明显,从半开期到衰老期酶活性显著升高。花瓣中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)从花苞期到半开期酶活性升高,从半开期到衰老期酶活性显著降低;萼片中的超氧化物歧化酶活性变化不显著但也呈先上升后下降趋势。花瓣中的中性蛋白酶(NP)从花苞期到半开期酶活性呈上升趋势,半开期到盛开期呈下降趋势,盛开期到衰老期呈上升趋势;花萼中的中性蛋白酶从花苞期到盛开期酶活性呈下降趋势,从盛开期到衰老期呈上升趋势;总体来看中性蛋白酶的活性呈先下降后上升趋势。     

3个四季草莓品种在川西高原栽培研究

以圣安德瑞斯、波特拉和蒙特瑞3种四季草莓为材料,在茂县进行夏季栽培比较试验,通过各品种的农艺性状及果实内、外在品质等指标进行分析对比以及灰色关联度分析,结果表明:圣安德瑞斯的长势最好；圣安德瑞斯的果实虽然大而重但糖酸比较低,口感较差,风味偏酸,蒙特瑞的固酸比最高,风味最好； 3个品种加权关联度排名依次为蒙特瑞、圣安德瑞斯、波特拉。结论：在茂县及相应高原区域栽培条件下,蒙特瑞的综合适应性最佳。     

一株盐芽孢杆菌的筛选及其粗酶的酶学特性研究

从浙江舟山市双峰盐场中筛选出一株分泌蛋白酶的嗜盐菌,结合16S rDNA基因序列鉴定、菌株形貌特征确定其为特氏盐芽孢杆菌(Halobacillustrueperi)命名为HalobacillustrueperiB1。经研究,该菌株最适生长NaCl浓度为5%,表明其为中度嗜盐菌。该蛋白酶在50℃和pH 7.5条件下具有最高的蛋白酶活力。对发酵培养时间的优化实验表明发酵8 h后B1分泌的蛋白酶活力最大。对发酵培养基的优化结果表明,脱脂奶粉为最适氮源和碳源;75 g·L~(-1)为最佳发酵盐浓度,对钙镁离子的依赖不明显。确定优化后的发酵培养基:Na HCO_30.06 g,KCl_2.0g,CaCl_2·2H_2O0.48 g,Mg SO_4·7H_2O 1.0 g,FeCl_3 0.001 g,NaCl 75.0 g,脱脂奶粉10.0 g。在初始pH 7.5,温度为40℃条件下发酵8 h。     

结构创新的楼房猪场是防非保供的一种可行模式

传统的养猪模式难以应对诸如非洲猪瘟这样的疫病,普通平层猪场叠加而成的楼房没有从本质上得到改进,而结构创新之后的楼房猪场在养猪的可靠性上大大增强,并可能发展为城市养猪新模式,为防非保猪、稳产保供提供一种解决方案。在此基础上升级的"料、养、宰、商一体化"造肉工厂模式,更是一种能把运猪变为运肉的可行解决方案。当这些模式得到应用和推广时,困扰行业的"猪周期"问题也将得到妥善解决。     

中国昆虫文化简论

中国昆虫文化是在历史过程中创造并发展起来的,保留在中华民族中间,具有稳定形态,并对现代社会仍有影响的与昆虫相关的精神文化现象的。它是在一定历史条件下,国人及其生存环境辩证地互相影响的结果,是由劳动创造和生活提炼的精神产品。它包含在国人思想观念、思维方式、价值取向、道德情操、生产生活方式、礼仪制度、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、文学艺术、教育科技等领域之中。它具有神秘性、功利性、民族性、地域性、综合性等特征,以及满足需要、认知、规范、凝聚和娱乐等功能。     

舒城县干汊河镇农村集体“三资”管理现状与建议

阐述了舒城县干汊河镇农村集体"三资"管理取得的成效,指出了管理过程中存在的问题,并提出了加强农村集体"三资"管理的建议。